Following the death of Babur in 1530, his son Humayun succeeded him as the Mughal Emperor. Despite his name meaning “fortune,” Humayun’s reign was fraught with challenges and misfortunes. Unlike his father, Humayun was more cultured and learned rather than a military leader. His rule faced significant issues, including financial instability and the growing threat of Afghan power.

Early Challenges and Military Actions

Humayun inherited an empire struggling with a weak financial system and the aggressive expansion of Afghan forces. Sher Khan, later known as Sher Shah Suri, was a significant threat during Humayun’s reign. In response, Humayun took action against the Afghans. He achieved a notable victory at the Battle of Daurah in 1532 and laid siege to the powerful fort of Chunar. However, the Afghan threat continued to grow.

Defeats and Escapes

In 1539, Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun at the Battle of Chausa. Although Humayun managed to escape, his position weakened considerably. The following year, in 1540, Sher Shah Suri dealt a decisive blow at the Battle of Kannauj, leading to Humayun’s complete defeat and the end of his immediate rule.

Humayun’s Exile and Personal Life

After his defeat, Humayun left India in 1540. On his way to Sind, he married Hamida Banu Begum. During their stay in Amorkot, a Hindu kingdom ruled by Rana Prasad, Humayun’s son Akbar was born in 1542. Humayun then traveled to Iran, seeking assistance from its ruler to regain his lost empire.

Return and Recovery of the Mughal Throne

Humayun’s efforts in Iran proved fruitful. With the support he received, he defeated his brothers Kamran and Askari, who had challenged his claim. Meanwhile, the Sur dynasty in India was declining rapidly. In 1555, Humayun returned to India and defeated the Afghans, successfully recovering the Mughal throne.

Death and Legacy

Humayun’s rule was cut short when he died in 1556, just six months after regaining the throne. His death occurred due to a fall from the staircase of his library. Humayun’s biography, Humayunnama, written by Gulbadan Begum in Persian, provides valuable insights into his life and reign. He was buried in Delhi, marking the end of a tumultuous chapter in Mughal history.

Conclusion

Humayun’s reign, characterized by cultural refinement and significant personal challenges, was marked by military failures and a complex journey of recovery. His inability to consolidate his father’s empire and the subsequent loss and recovery of his throne highlight the trials faced by early Mughal rulers. For UPSC aspirants, understanding Humayun’s struggles and his eventual comeback offers crucial insights into the Mughal Empire’s early history and the foundation laid for his son, Akbar, who would go on to establish a strong and enduring empire.