After the death of Akbar, his son Salim ascended the throne as Nur-ud-din Jahangir. Known for his complex reign, Jahangir’s rule from 1605 to 1627 was marked by internal strife, diplomatic encounters, and cultural patronage. His reign also saw significant political and familial drama, as well as the rise of his influential wife, Nur Jahan.

Jahangir: Ascension and Early Challenges

Jahangir, Akbar’s son by a Rajput wife, faced immediate challenges upon his ascension:

• Revolt by Prince Khusrau: Jahangir’s eldest son, Prince Khusrau, attempted to seize the throne with the support of Sikh Guru Arjun Dev. Khusrau’s rebellion was suppressed; he was captured and blinded, while Guru Arjun Dev was executed.
• Deccan Rebellion: In 1608, Ahmad Nagar in the Deccan declared independence under Malik Ambar. Despite Jahangir’s efforts, the Mughal Empire did not expand its territory in the Deccan during his reign.

Diplomatic and Cultural Developments

Jahangir’s reign was notable for its diplomatic encounters and cultural developments:

• English Missions: Two Englishmen, William Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe, visited Jahangir’s court. Hawkins failed to secure permission to establish an English factory, but Roe, sent by King James I, succeeded in obtaining permission to establish a British factory in Surat.
• Marriage to Nur Jahan (1611): Jahangir married Mehrunnisa, who was later known as Nur Jahan, meaning “Light of the World.” Nur Jahan became a dominant force in the Mughal court, influencing political and cultural life. She introduced new fashions based on Persian traditions and supported Persian art and culture.

Political Intrigues and Decline

Nur Jahan’s influence led to significant political maneuvering:

• Political Intrigues: Nur Jahan’s dominance in the court created tensions, leading her step-son Prince Khurram (later Shah Jahan) to rebel against Jahangir. Despite her influence, political intrigues ultimately undermined her position.
• Decline of Power: Nur Jahan’s power waned after Jahangir’s death. She lost her influence and became less prominent in the empire’s affairs.

Jahangir’s Death and Legacy

• Death: Jahangir died near Lahore while traveling from Kashmir. He was buried in Lahore, marking the end of a reign characterized by both cultural flourishing and political unrest.

Conclusion

Jahangir’s reign was a period of artistic patronage and political complexity. His efforts to consolidate power were overshadowed by family conflicts and external pressures. Understanding Jahangir’s reign provides crucial insights into the challenges faced by Mughal rulers and the interplay of politics, culture, and diplomacy in early 17th-century India. For UPSC aspirants, Jahangir’s reign exemplifies the intricacies of Mughal governance and the impact of personal relationships on political stability.