Shah Jahan, the fifth Mughal emperor, is renowned for his monumental architectural achievements, including the iconic Taj Mahal. His reign, from 1628 to 1658, was marked by both significant military campaigns and personal tragedies, culminating in a dramatic succession struggle that led to his downfall.

Ascension and Early Reign

Following Jahangir’s death in 1627, Shah Jahan, with the support of nobles and the army, ascended the throne. His early reign focused on consolidating and expanding the empire, both through military campaigns and diplomatic efforts.

Military Campaigns and Policies

• Northwest Frontier Campaigns: Shah Jahan launched prolonged campaigns to recover Kandahar and other ancestral lands but was unable to control Kandahar despite his efforts.
• Deccan Policy: Shah Jahan’s Deccan policy proved more successful. He defeated the forces of Ahmadnagar and annexed it. Additionally, Bijapur and Golconda signed treaties with the Mughal emperor, consolidating Mughal influence in the Deccan.
• Conflict with Shivaji: Shah Jahan also defeated Shahji Bhonsle, Shivaji’s father, in his efforts to contain regional challenges.

Architectural Achievements and Personal Tragedies

• Taj Mahal (1631): The death of Shah Jahan’s beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal, in 1631, prompted him to commission the construction of the Taj Mahal in Agra. This mausoleum, a symbol of eternal love, remains one of the most celebrated architectural marvels in the world.
• Peacock Throne: During his reign, Shah Jahan had the famous Peacock Throne made, a symbol of the Mughal Empire’s grandeur.

European Visitors

Several Europeans visited India during Shah Jahan’s reign, leaving behind detailed accounts of Mughal India:

• Bernier: A French physician and traveler who documented his observations.
• Tavernier: A French gem merchant and traveler known for his detailed descriptions.
• Mandelslo: A German adventurer and traveler who provided insights into Mughal India.
• Peter Mundy: An English trader who recorded his experiences.
• Manucci: An Italian writer and traveler with extensive accounts of the Mughal court.

Succession Struggle and Decline

• Succession Crisis: As Shah Jahan’s reign neared its end, a contest for the throne erupted among his four sons. Dara Shukoh, the eldest son and the emperor’s favorite, was embroiled in a succession struggle.
• Aurangzeb’s Victory: The war of succession ended with Aurangzeb emerging victorious. Aurangzeb imprisoned Shah Jahan and crowned himself as the Mughal emperor.
• Death and Burial: Shah Jahan died in January 1666, broken-hearted and imprisoned. He was buried beside Mumtaz Mahal in the Taj Mahal, a poignant end for the emperor who had envisioned it as a testament to his love and legacy.

Conclusion

Shah Jahan’s reign is a study in contrasts—marked by architectural brilliance and personal sorrow. His efforts in expanding and consolidating the Mughal Empire, combined with his patronage of the arts, left a lasting legacy. For UPSC aspirants, Shah Jahan’s era provides insight into Mughal architectural achievements, diplomatic relations, and the complexities of succession politics within the empire.