The Chandella dynasty was a powerful Rajput clan that ruled the Bundelkhand region in eastern Madhya Pradesh. Their reign, spanning several centuries, is marked by remarkable achievements in architecture, military resistance against invaders, and significant contributions to the cultural and religious landscape of India.

Capital Cities: Mohoba and Khajuraho

The Chandellas established their capitals at Mohoba and Khajuraho. Mohoba served as the political and administrative center, while Khajuraho became famous for its extraordinary temples. These cities were the heart of the Chandella dynasty’s cultural and political life.

Origins and Early Expansion

The Chandella dynasty, one of the 36 Rajput clans, traced its origins to the Agnikula, or “fire-born” origin, at Mount Abu. The dynasty rose to prominence in the 9th and 10th centuries, expanding its territory under early rulers.

• Nannuka (831–845 CE): Considered the founder of the Chandella dynasty, Nannuka established the dynasty’s rule in the region, laying the foundation for future expansion.
• Vakpati (845–870 CE): Vakpati, Nannuka’s successor, continued the expansion and consolidation of the kingdom’s territories, setting the stage for future prosperity.
• Jayashakti and Vijayshakti (circa 900 CE): These rulers played crucial roles in the early expansion of the kingdom, solidifying Chandella power in Bundelkhand.
• Harsha (circa 900-925 CE): Harsha extended the boundaries of the kingdom and strengthened its position, paving the way for the Chandella dynasty’s golden age.
• Yashovarman (925–950 CE): Yashovarman led successful military campaigns against neighboring states and established Khajuraho as a prominent city, marking the beginning of Chandella dominance in the region.

The Golden Age Under Dhanga and Vidyadhara

The Chandella dynasty reached its zenith under the reigns of Dhanga and Vidyadhara.

• Dhanga (950–999 CE): Dhanga was one of the most illustrious rulers of the Chandella dynasty. Taking the title Maharajadhiraja, he expanded the kingdom significantly and resisted invasions from Mahmud of Ghazni. During his reign, several temples in Khajuraho were constructed, showcasing the architectural brilliance of the period.
• Ganda (999–1002 CE): Ganda, also known as Gandadeva, succeeded Dhanga. Although his reign was brief, he maintained the strength and stability of the kingdom.
• Vidyadhara (1002–1035 CE): Vidyadhara was another significant ruler who played a crucial role in defending the kingdom against invasions by Mahmud of Ghazni. He is credited with building the impressive forts of Gwalior and Kalinjar, which were vital in protecting the kingdom from external threats.

Continued Strength and Contributions

After Vidyadhara, the Chandella dynasty continued to flourish under several capable rulers.

• Vijayapala (1035–1051 CE): Vijayapala, the son of Vidyadhara, worked on maintaining the kingdom’s strength and stability during his reign.
• Devavarman (1051–1060 CE): Devavarman’s reign was a period of relative peace, during which the stability of the kingdom was maintained, and the tradition of temple building continued.
• Kirttivarman (1060–1100 CE): Kirttivarman extended Chandella influence further, contributing to the architectural legacy by constructing several temples, including some masterpieces at Khajuraho.
• Sallakshanavarman (1100–1117 CE): Sallakshanavarman also contributed to the kingdom’s stability and the dynasty’s cultural achievements.
• Jayavarman (1117–1128 CE): Jayavarman’s reign saw continued temple building and patronage of the arts, reinforcing the cultural legacy of the Chandellas.
• Prithvivarman (1128–1165 CE): Prithvivarman faced significant challenges but managed to maintain the kingdom’s stability and cultural heritage.

The Decline of the Chandella Dynasty

The decline of the Chandella dynasty began during the reign of Parmardideva, commonly known as Parmal.

• Parmardideva (Parmal) (1165–1203 CE): Parmal was the last significant ruler of the Chandella dynasty. In 1182 CE, Prithviraj Chauhan defeated him, marking a major setback for the Chandellas. Later, in 1203 CE, Kalinjar, one of their key forts, was captured by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, leading to the end of Chandella dominance in Bundelkhand.

Architectural Legacy: The Temples of Khajuraho

Despite their eventual decline, the Chandellas are best remembered for their architectural achievements, particularly the temples of Khajuraho. Built between 900 and 1150 CE, these temples are renowned for their intricate carvings, exquisite sculptures, and unique architectural style.

• Khajuraho Temples: The Khajuraho group of temples is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and represents one of the supreme achievements of Indian temple architecture. These temples are famous for their detailed sculptures that depict various aspects of life, mythology, and spirituality, including the integration of spirituality and physicality in Hindu thought.
• Kandariya Mahadev Temple: Among the Khajuraho temples, the Kandariya Mahadev Temple stands out for its architectural excellence. Dedicated to Lord Shiva, this temple is a masterpiece of medieval Indian architecture, known for its grand scale and intricate carvings.
• Other Temples: The Chausath Yogini, Lakshmana, Vishvanatha, and Devi Jagdamba temples are some of the other prominent temples built by the Chandellas. Each temple showcases the artistic and architectural brilliance that flourished under Chandella rule.

Conclusion

The Chandella dynasty, with its rich history of military achievements, cultural patronage, and architectural marvels, played a crucial role in shaping the history of central India. Their reign is most notably remembered for the stunning temples of Khajuraho, which continue to stand as a testament to their legacy. Despite their eventual decline, the Chandellas left an indelible mark on Indian history, particularly through their contributions to art, architecture, and the cultural heritage of the Bundelkhand region.