The Vijayanagara Empire, a significant force in South Indian history, thrived from 1336 to 1647 AD. Founded by two brothers, Harihara and Bukka, the empire carved out a notable place in history with its capital at Vijayanagar, located on the banks of the Tungabhadra River. This blog post explores the fascinating history, sources, political structure, and various aspects of the Vijayanagara Empire, offering insights into one of South India’s most influential dynasties.

Origins and Founding

In 1336 AD, Harihara and Bukka, former military commanders under the Delhi Sultanate, established the Vijayanagara Empire after breaking away from the Delhi Sultanate’s rule. Guided by the saint and scholar Vidyaranya, the brothers laid the foundation of a kingdom that would endure for over three centuries, marked by military prowess, cultural achievements, and extensive territorial expansion.

Sources of Historical Information

Literary Sources

  • Rayavachakam by Vishvanatha Sthanapati
  • The Forgotten History of Vijayanagara Empire by Robert Sewell
  • Kannada and Telugu literature, including works such as Manucharitram and Saluvabhyudayam, provide insights into the empire’s genealogy, politics, and society.

Foreign Accounts

  • Nicholo de Conti: Provided details about Devaraya I’s personality.
  • Abdul Razzaq: Described the beauty of Hampi during Devaraya II’s reign.
  • Domingo Paes and Barbosa: Documented observations during Krishnadevaraya’s rule.
  • Nuniz: Offered valuable accounts during Achyuthdevaraya’s time.

Inscriptions

  • Bitragunta Inscription: Essential for understanding the family history of the Sangama dynasty.
  • Srirangam Copper Plates of Devaraya II: Detail the genealogy and achievements of the Vijayanagara rulers.
  • Krishnadevaraya’s Copper Plate Inscriptions: Provide insights into his reign and accomplishments.
  • Hampi Ruins: Reveal the empire’s cultural and architectural contributions.

Political History

The Vijayanagara Empire was ruled by four distinct dynasties over its long history:

Administration

The Vijayanagara Empire followed a traditional monarchy system where the king was the ultimate authority and supreme commander of the army. The king was supported by a council of ministers for daily administration.

Amaranayaka System

A distinctive feature of the administration was the amaranayaka system, akin to the iqta system of the Delhi Sultanate:

  • Nayakas: Commanders who managed regions, expanded agriculture, and collected taxes. They maintained their own armies and supplied the king with military resources.
  • Tribute and Loyalty: Nayakas sent annual tributes to the king and appeared at the royal court with gifts, demonstrating their loyalty.

Revenue

The primary source of income was land revenue, collected at a rate of one-sixth of the total produce, providing significant financial support for the empire.

Society

The Vijayanagara Empire was characterized by a luxurious lifestyle among its people:

  • Dress and Ornaments: Silk and cotton clothes, perfumes, flowers, and ornaments were common. Rich houses were well-furnished, with numerous servants.
  • Institutionalized Practices: Prostitution was institutionalized, and the devdasi (temple dancer) system became more popular. The practice of sati was prevalent.
  • Caste System: Society was divided into four main castes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, and Sudras.

Religion

Religion played a vital role in the Vijayanagara Empire:

  • Religious Tolerance: While the Sangama rulers were Saivaites, other dynasties were Vaishnavites. All rulers practiced religious tolerance, with Muslims employed in administration and allowed to build mosques.
  • Shunya Sampadane: A collection of vachanas (poetic verses) produced during this period, popularized by the Veershaiva movement.

Literature

The Vijayanagara Empire saw significant literary activity in Sanskrit, Kannada, and Telugu:

  • Sanskrit:
    • Gangadevi: Madhuravijayam
    • Krishnadevaraya: Usha Parinayan, Jambavanti Kalyanam, Madalasa Charita
    • Guru Vidyaranya: Raja Kalanirnaya
  • Kannada:
    • Chamarasa: Prabhulingaleele
    • Kanakadasa: Ramadhana Charite, Nala Charite, Mohantarangini
    • Kumaravyasa: Karnataka Katha Manjari
    • Purandardasa: Keertanas
  • Telugu:
    • Krishnadevaraya: Amuktamalyada
    • Allasani Pedanna: Manucharita
    • Nandi Timanna: Parijathapaharanam

The court of Krishnadevaraya also featured the Ashtadiggajas, eight renowned poets in Telugu literature.

Architecture

Vijayanagara architecture is noted for its Dravidian style with unique features:

  • Dravidian Influence: The use of local granite and distinctive features like ornate pillared kalyanamandapas, tall rayagopurams, and life-sized figures of deities.
  • Evolution: The style became popular during Krishnadevaraya’s reign and influenced South Indian temples for the next two centuries.
  • Courtly Architecture: Often used mortar mixed with stone rubble, incorporating secular styles with Islamic-influenced arches and domes.

Notable Structures

  • Virupaksha Temple: An example of the Vijayanagara style.
  • Hazara Rama Temple: Reflects the architectural grandeur of the period.
  • Lotus Mahal: Showcases the architectural innovation of the time.

Legacy and Cultural Contributions

The Vijayanagara Empire left an indelible mark on South Indian history. Its capital, Hampi, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, stands as a testament to the empire’s grandeur and architectural prowess. The empire’s contributions to art, culture, and literature continue to be celebrated, reflecting a rich heritage that shaped the region’s history.

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For more detailed information on the Vijayanagara Empire and its dynasties, explore the links above. This comprehensive look at the Vijayanagara Empire offers a glimpse into the complexities and achievements of one of South India’s most significant historical periods.