The Sena dynasty ruled Bengal during the 11th and 12th centuries, marking a significant chapter in the region’s history. Originating from Karnataka in South India, the Senas established their rule after the decline of the Pala dynasty. Their reign was characterized by the promotion of Hindu orthodoxy, social reforms, and contributions to literature and architecture. This post provides a detailed overview of the Sena dynasty, covering their political history, key rulers, religious impact, and cultural contributions.

Sources of Information

Key sources on the Sena dynasty include the Deopara Prashasti, a Sanskrit inscription commissioned by Lakshmana Sena, describing the Senas as migrant Brahmakshatriyas from Karnata (modern-day Karnataka). Additional insights come from copper plates found in Adilpur and various historical records.

Political History

The Senas were a prominent dynasty in Bengal, ruling from the mid-11th to early 13th century. Their political history is marked by the consolidation of power in Bengal and the revival of Hinduism in the region.

Key Rulers and Their Reigns

Vijayasena (c. 1095–1158 CE):
Vijayasena founded the Sena dynasty in Bengal by defeating the last Pala ruler, Madanapala, and establishing his rule. His reign marked the transition from Buddhist-dominated Pala rule to a period of Hindu revival under the Senas.

Ballala Sena (c. 1160–1178 CE):
Ballala Sena, Vijayasena’s son, is known for his social reforms, especially the introduction of Kulinism, which redefined the caste system in Bengal. He was also a patron of literature and promoted Sanskrit scholarship.

Lakshmana Sena (c. 1178–1206 CE):
Lakshmana Sena was the most prominent ruler of the Sena dynasty and the last significant monarch before its decline. His reign, often regarded as the golden age of Sena rule, saw the expansion of the kingdom, strong central administration, and a flourishing of arts and literature. However, his rule ended with the invasion of Bengal by Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji in 1204 CE, leading to the dynasty’s decline.

Religious Influence

The Sena dynasty is closely associated with the resurgence of Hindu orthodoxy in Bengal. During their reign, the peaceful coexistence of Hinduism and Buddhism began to erode.

• Hinduism: The Senas promoted Hindu rituals and the construction of Hindu temples, leading to a decline in Buddhism, which had been dominant during the Pala period.
• Decline of Buddhism: The decline of Buddhism was further accelerated by the invasions of Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji, who destroyed many Buddhist monasteries and universities.

Literature and Cultural Contributions

The Sena period witnessed significant developments in literature, particularly in Sanskrit and Bengali.

• Sanskrit Literature: The Sena rulers were patrons of Sanskrit literature. Lakshmana Sena patronized five renowned poets, collectively known as the Pancharatna (Five Jewels): Jayadeva, Sarana, Umapati, Dhoyi, and Govardhana.
  • Jayadeva: Famous for composing the Gita Govinda, a seminal work in the Bhakti movement.
  • Dhoyi: Known for his work Pavandutam, showcasing his mastery of classical Sanskrit.
• Bengali Language: The use of Bengali in daily life and administration began to increase during the Sena rule, laying the groundwork for the later development of Bengali literature.

Architecture

The architectural style during the Sena period largely continued the Pala tradition, but the Senas are noted for their construction of Hindu temples.

• Dhakeshwari Temple: Located in Dhaka, Bangladesh, this temple is dedicated to the goddess Dhakeshwari and reflects the Sena rulers’ devotion to Hinduism.
• Continuity with Pala Architecture: The Sena temples exhibited intricate carvings and elaborate designs similar to earlier Pala constructions.

Decline of the Sena Dynasty

The decline of the Sena dynasty began under Lakshmana Sena, with weakening central authority and internal dissensions. The final blow came in 1204 CE when Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji captured the Sena capital, Nabadwip, ending the dynasty. This marked the beginning of Muslim rule in Bengal, leading to significant cultural and religious changes.

Conclusion

The Sena dynasty played a crucial role in shaping Bengal’s history and culture during the 11th and 12th centuries. Their reign marked a period of Hindu revivalism, social reforms, and cultural patronage. Despite their decline, the contributions of the Sena dynasty, particularly in literature and religion, remain an important chapter in medieval Indian history.